Research : My Favourite Music Video : Textual Analysis

What is your favourite music video?

Task

Select your favourite music video

Create a post on your blog with the same title as this one and embed your chosen music video

Write a textual analysis of the music video.

This should include contextual information about the video (artist, album, release date, etc) as well as a walkthrough analysis of the content of the music video itself.

I have provided an example below.

ontext

Firework is a song by American recording artist Katy Perry. The song was written by Katy Perry, Mikkel S. Eriksen, Tor Erik Hermansen, Sandy Wilhelm, Ester Dean, and produced by Stargate and Sandy Vee for Perry's second studio album, Teenage Dream (2010). 

The song is a self-empowerment anthem with inspirational lyrics, and was considered by Perry as the most important song for her on the album Teenage Dream.

The song was released on October 16, 2010 by Capitol Records as the third single from the album which falls into the category of pop.

The video was directed by Dave Meyers and shot in Budapest. 

It best fits into Andrew Goodwin’s classification of music videos under the category of illustration.

Content

Sirens sound and the city hums while aerial shots establish the skyline of a city late at night. (The city is Budapest in Hungary but could be any city.)  

A woman walks onto the balcony of a palace, dressed expensively in a white gown with pearl rosaries and jewel-encrusted earrings, her privilege demonstrated as she sings to the city below.  However, not everything is as it seems, for when the camera pushes back into an overhead shot, we see that this palace and this woman are bathed in a dreamy blue light in harsh contrast with the real-world yellow tones of the city below.  And as the wind rustles her skirt, it feels as though she is vulnerable, as if she could fall, or scarier still, jump.

Perry’s status as American, coupled with her expensive clothing and placement on the balcony, establish her Western privilege, as though she has overcome things. She has embraced her independence, and as such, has become a successful woman who can dress in extravagant garments and inhabit a position above the city.  She sings to the city below, where teenagers struggle with their own personal crises.  But at the same time, Perry still seems vulnerable as she comes to the end of the balcony, singing, “Do you ever feel, like a plastic bag, drifting through the wind, wanting to start again?”  In so doing, Perry acknowledges that she has been where these teens are, as the underdog, and that they should, like she does, believe that life will get better even if you’re standing on the edge.   

The video’s narrative is interlaced with sub-stories of youth struggling with complicated issues of domestic violence, body shame, and sexual orientation.  It positions Perry as a kind of narrator, meaning that she is a character within the realm of the story; however, throughout the course of the narrative, several elements of mise-en-scène suggest that, although Perry appears to be a part of the world in which she sings, she is simultaneously apart from it.  

Perry’s displacement (separateness) from the setting is first introduced when the overhead shot of her on the palace balcony at the beginning of the video juxtaposes two colour tonalities, that is, the blue light washing over Perry and the palace versus the yellow light washing over the city below.

The first story represented in the video shows a boy cradling his younger sister who is upset by her fighting parents.  The young boy turns to look over his shoulder at the adults slapping and screaming at each other, while his younger sister clasps her hands over her ears and shakes her head. “Do you ever feel, feel so paper thin, like a house of cards, one blow from caving in?” Perry sings, as a cut back to her reveals the look of worry in her eyes while she stares deep into the camera and, therefore, the audience. This establishes a personal connection.

Another young girl sits in a chair near the edge of a pool cloaked in a heavy coat while her friends strip and jump into the water, splashing one another and encouraging her to come in.  She shakes her head timidly, embarrassed of her overweight body and afraid to show who she is under her clothes.  

Returning to a tighter shot of Perry’s face reveals a more encouraging look just before she sings, “Do you know that there’s still a chance for you?”  This sends us into the hospital room of a young girl with leukaemia who looks longingly at the beautiful hair of the dancing woman on her television screen.  On her wall is the massive image of a butterfly, which itself represents the hope of transition, from the sheltered confines of a cocoon to a limitless world where it can fly as the wind blows.

As she sings, “There’s a spark in you.  You just gotta ignite the light and let it shine,” Perry leans her head back and closes her eyes as if she’s giving in and allowing herself to let go – a visual articulation of the release of her inner power.  Firework sparks begin to burst forth from her chest as she stretches out her arms, illuminating her once blue-washed face in a beautiful prism of colours.  

The firework is colorful, unique, and can light up the darkened sky devoid of colour.  Encouraging the teens, and by extension the audience, to “own the night” suggests that, no matter how much it is surrounded, the bursting firework will defeat the darkness of the night, illuminating the sky as it explodes with brilliant, individual colours – our true colours, which represent characteristics that are unique to each of us. 

As the shots cut further away from Perry so that ultimately only the imagery of her fireworks can be seen by the patient from the inside the hospital, we encounter the only moment in the video in which Perry assumes the role of a character in the story.  But even while the sparks from Perry’s chest are visible from the patient’s hospital window, Perry’s body is not.  So while she does assume an influential role inside the realm of the narrative, particularly for the patient addressing her, she is still able to maintain her own personal separation from the story.

Shortly after Perry’s firework erupts, the boy, looking over his shoulder once again, takes on a new kind of motivation, as his firework itself begins to spark empowering him with the strength to protect his sister.  He rushes over to his parents and pushes them apart, as the chorus continues, “Baby you’re a firework.  Come on let your colours bust.  Make ‘em go, ‘Oh! Oh! Oh!’”  In a darkened dance club, bathed in red light, a shy youth sits alone watching sadly as the people around him dance and celebrate.  While Perry’s fireworks shoot across the night sky, the girl at the pool, still with a nervous, uncomfortable look in her eyes, stands and begins to remove her jacket. 

Suddenly dressed in a more casual outfit, Perry exits the palace onto the thriving street, walking through the crowds of people, but going unaddressed by any of them, still devoted to the camera as she sings.  The lighting on her face, though no longer tinted blue, continues to be different from the other groups of people on the street.  

In the club, a youth turns to look at a straight couple sitting next to him, kissing and comfortable with the public display of their sexuality.  He looks forward, stands up and starts walking toward the bar.  The girl at the pool now removes some of her clothes so that she stands dressed only in her bra and underwear, for the first time displaying her overweight body.  Another teen walking down an alleyway is thrown against a brick wall while a group of “thugs” attempt to mug him.  When one of them reaches into his pocket, he starts pulling out mutli-coloured handkerchiefs tied unendingly together, and when another opens his coat, two white doves fly out, startling them and revealing him as a street magician.  

The cancer patient walks through the corridors of the hospital, looking into a room where a woman is giving birth, screaming as her chest shimmers with the vigour of her firework.  The camera cuts to a shot of the patient through the colourful sparks, showing the change on her face as she realizes the beauty and power of what happens before her.  Just then, the youth reaches the bar where another boy turns to look at him.  The two gaze into each other’s eyes and, after a moment of brief intensity, lean into to kiss while a dance of colourful embers explode around them. 

The patient steps outside the doors of the hospital still dressed in her hospital gown and looks up into the night sky.  The teen magician continues to impress the “thugs” on the street with tricks as his firework brightens the darkened alley.  Breathing out a sigh, the girl at the pool runs and cannonballs, jumping up from the water and reaching toward the sky as her firework ignites.  And finally, with her eyes closed, and a smile on her face, the cancer patient throws back her bald head and shoots her fireworks high into the evening sky as the wind whips her hospital gown and Perry sings, “You’re gonna leave ‘em all in awe awe awe.”

As the song continues, “Boom boom boom, even brighter than the moon moon moon,” hundreds of teens in a colourful array of outfits run excitedly through the city of Budapest toward Buda Castle, where huge bursts of fireworks flare above the castle’s dome.  Perry walks alongside them, still brightly lit as she sings, “It’s always been inside of you-ou-ou, and now it’s time to let it through-ough-ough.”  

As the teens skip into the courtyard of the castle, Perry has already arrived in the centre of the square. The youths circle around her and an aerial shot shows them appearing to burst outward like a firework in coordinated movement.   As the teens jump and dance around Perry, their fireworks begin to blaze, now more powerful than sparks, shooting up into the sky and exploding above the castle.  Aerial shots continue to alternate with close-ups of Perry and the kids – the strength of their unity now represented as they are all together and protected by the strong stone walls of the castle.   


The video ends with a display of dozens of simultaneous firework explosions, each unique and beautiful of its own accord, but through their collective illuminations, shining even brighter and more beautifully than the moon.

Research (Independent Reading) NME : What Makes A Good Music Video

To celebrate the launch of their new video site (NMEvideo.com) in 2011 the NME (New Musical Express) interviewed Sasha Nixon - head of music videos and executive producer at Partizan. She's overseen award-winning videos for Klaxons, LCD Soundsystem, The Horrors and Bjork. Amongst her roster are directors such as Michel Gondry and Saam Farahmand.

SashaNixon



What makes a great music video?
As difficult to answer as 'what makes a great song' - it really depends on several factors. For me, it's often a singular stylistic tone that transcends whatever is fashionable, and suggests a brand new aesthetic. Or it could be as simple as a superbly choreographed and edited performance - if the artist/band is mesmerising enough to hold that without the need for bells and whistle. Or just a brilliant, witty concept. And a good track certainly helps.

Why do so many film directors start in video?

There is the obvious link between young film students being of the age where they are really into bands and music so find inspiration and opportunities there, but also the fact that record companies actively want to hire students, or not-yet-established young directors to make their videos, because it's alot cheaper.

Has the internet changed the way we consume music videos?

Yes definitely. We now have 'on demand' videos thanks to Youtube whereas before we had to wait for MTV to play the video we liked. There is an overwhelming wealth and breadth of videos to consume thanks to the internet, but whether that means we pay as much attention to music videos as we did back in the day, when you knew Madonna's new video would be played at 8pm on Friday and everyone tuned in... I don't know. It's perhaps all more throwaway now, but that applies to alot of things we can consume online these days.

madonna

Is the change good or bad?

I suppose a bit of both. I miss the 'event' that a new video could be, but that's also because releasing music has been democratised, so I'm generally overwhelmed by the amount of new artists there are to discover, let alone watching all their videos.

Do you think YouTube has helped or hindered music videos? 

Both. It's a pleasure to be able to tune into your favourite video when you want, but I'm worried about the notion that on the internet you can get whatever you want for free whenever you want. As the music industry lose money due to this phenonmenon, they spend less and less on videos which reduces quality and opportunity, and means talent gets quickly frustrated (and broke) in the video arena and moves quickly onto tv drama, commercials, and all those other areas that are a bit less fun and creative. It is slowly but surely creating a talent drain, and videos will be less ambitious, have less scope. I don't see it as remaining a breeding ground for the new Gondrys, Cunninghams, Jonzes, who then go onto make fantastic films on the back of learning their craft in videos.

What do you think of the spate of the longer music videos that sprang up last year ('Telephone', 'Born Free')?

I wish there were more of these but it's a case of there not being enough budgets to do this kind of thing anymore. They are one-off's.


What do you make of Ok Go’s style of music video making? 

They were very clever to find another path to get their music noticed, because their songs aren't memorable or catchy enough. If only more bands were talented visual creatives/directors, things would be a lot more interesting. 

What do you think of stuff like Arcade Fire’s interactive video and Pendulum’s 3D video? 

Interesting and clever for a few minutes but not something that I will personally remember for too long. Technology dates itself so 3D and interactivity will feel basic and anachronistic as time goes by. There's nothing wrong with that, all music videos are a time capsule in their own way, but I just can't get excited about the immersive experience of clicking my mouse all over a browser while watching windows pop open and a track playing in the background. Each to their own, many I'm sure love it.



How has the recession affected music videos? 

In a terrible way, sadly. The epic music video is a thing of the past and it makes me sad. Telephone and Born Free - these music video 'events' are rare exceptions that will only come out from the dwindling number of very rich artists. And labels spending less on videos mean you can only get them made by using alot of favours (aka exploiting people's goodwill) rather than actually paying for them. Why should people work consistently for bands or record companies for free? When labels say to me 'We really want a really glossy pop video but we can only spend £5k', it's like me saying 'I really want a 3 bedroom house in Chelsea but I only have £50k'. That side of it is pretty demoralising.

Have musicians attitudes to music videos changed since you became involved in them?

Not particularly. They seem still to see the importance of the music video in their campaign, in a way it's as important as the song being played on radio. If anything, they seem to want more and more videos, such as we have seen in recent times where some bands make a video for every track on an album.

What do you think of David Cameron’s plans for film certificate-style ratings for music videos? 

I think it's fair enough. Speaking as a female, I feel very demoralised by the sexualisation of women in videos, especially as it's often a bandage placed over blatant lack of talent. Don't get me wrong, I can love a sexy video when done well, eg Ciara's 'Ride', because she's genuinely amazing in it, but alot of the time, the results are simply exploitative. A 17 year old girl band who don't know any better than to basically poledance in their video and send tragic messages to the 10 years old that admire them about what one needs to look like to be attractive or what one needs to do to attract a man - that's what I have a problem with. 
Perhaps it's when a female artist is that bit older and more in control of her sexuality and image, and not trying too hard but just being naturally sexual, and not being svengalied by a sleezy 50 year old manager, then it feels way less tragic to me. Lykke Li is surely way sexier than Nicole Sherzingher.



What are your 5 favourite music videos?

'Let Forever Be' - Chemical Brothers by Michel Gondry. 


What can I say, it's a classic... it's so wonky with its mixed up use of formats and lofi and hi fi techniques. This was the first time I'd seen anything that inventive on so many different levels.

Triumph Of A Heart - Bjork by Spike Jonze.


It's my favourite of all their collaborations maybe because it just feels like that's how Bjork's life genuinely rolls in Iceland.

Forever Dolphin Love - Connan Mockasin by Daniel Brereton.


There is so much heart in this strange video.

Somebody To Love Me - Mark Ronson by Saam Farahmand.


Apart from being a great song, and great video, very few people realise it stars actress Diane Kruger as Boy George - and I love that, so refreshing because it's so anti-hype.

It's Automatic - Zoot Woman - by Mike Mills.



It's no grand concept in this video, but it fills me with both melancholy and joy every time I see it.

What’s the future of music videos?
An increase in hobbying directors springing up, brandishing their Canon 5D's and shooting lo fi but hopefully exciting videos for their mate's band. The end of shooting on film, which is very tragic.More product placement.

Read more at http://www.nme.com/blogs/nme-blogs/what-makes-a-great-music-video#KYPAP2uT3OT3cOwv.99

Research : Analysing A Music Video Using Andrew Goodwin's 6 Features Of Music Videos

In his book Dancing in the Distraction Factory (1992) Andrew Goodwin points out 6 characteristics and features that can be found in music videos. 

1.   Music videos demonstrate genre characteristics. (e.g. stage performance in metal videos, dance routine for boy/girl band, aspiration in Hip Hop). 

2.  There is a relationship between lyrics and visuals. The lyrics are represented with images. (either illustrative, amplifying, contradicting). 

3.  There is a relationship between music and visuals. The tone and atmosphere of the visual reflects that of the music. (either illustrative, amplifying, contradicting). 

4.  The demands of the record label will include the need for lots of close ups of the artist and the artist may develop motifs which recur across their work (a visual style). 

5.  There is frequently reference to notion of looking (screens within screens, mirrors, stages, etc) and particularly voyeuristic treatment of the female body. 

6.  There are often intertextual reference (to films, tv programmes, other music videos etc).


(From Andrew Goodwin, DANCING IN THE DISTRACTION FACTORY, 1992.)


The UK Music Video Awards is an annual celebration of creativity, technical excellence and innovation in music video and moving image for music.
I have chosen 5 videos which won awards in the 2015 'budget' categories as, whilst having substantially larger budgets than you will have, these videos were not made with the multi-million pound budgets available to some artists.
You will be asked to choose one of these videos to analyse in relation to Goodwin's 6 Features Of Music Videos.

Best pop video – budget

aquilo - losing you
director: eoin glaister

Best rock/indie video – budget
naïve new beaters - run away
director: roman chasseing

Best dance video – budget
lorn - acid rain
director: r11

Best alternative video – budget
son lux - change is everything
director: nathan Johnson

Best urban video – budget

dels - burning beaches
director: us

Research Task

Produce a post with the same title as this one.

Choose one of the music videos above (they are embedded in other posts on my blog) and embed the music video into the post.

Copy and paste Andrew Goodwin's 6 Features Of Music Videos from the start of this post - the bits you need to copy and paste are in this colour.

Apply each of these 6 features to the music video you have chosen. What evidence do you find in the music video to either support or contradict Goodwin's thoughts?

In order to help you I have provided prompt questions for each of Goodwin's 6 features of music videos below:

1.   Music videos demonstrate genre characteristics. (e.g. stage performance in metal videos, dance routine for boy/girl band, aspiration in Hip Hop). 

What is the genre of the music video you have been allocated?

What are the associations with this genre of music generally?

Does this music video reinforce the expectations of this genre?

2.    There is a relationship between lyrics and visuals. The lyrics are represented with images. (either illustration, amplification or contradiction). 

Describe the content of the music video - what happens?

What is the relationship between the lyrics and the visuals? Is this a music video
which illustrates, amplifies or contradicts the lyrics?

3.    There is a relationship between music and visuals. The tone and atmosphere of the visual reflects that of the music. (either illustration, amplification or contradiction). 

What is the relationship between the music and the visuals? 

Does the pace of the editing reflect the pace of the music? What kind of atmosphere is
created through the visuals and is this in keeping with the tone of the music? 

Is there any lip-syncing used? How much? For which sections of the lyrics? Why?

4.    The demands of the record label will include the need for lots of close ups of the artist and the artist may develop motifs which recur across their work (a visual style). 

How is the artist promoted through the use of the camera in this music video? 

How much screen time does the artist have? 

What types of shots are used when the artist is on screen and what purpose does this
serve?

5.    There is frequently reference to notion of looking (screens within screens, mirrors, stages, etc) and particularly voyeuristic treatment of the female body. 

Is there any evidence of 'looking' as described above? What purpose do you think this
serves?

6.    There are often intertextual reference (to films, tv programmes, other music videos etc).

Are there any references, either direct or indirect, made to other media texts? 

Are there any sections or elements of the music video which remind you of other

media texts or of other artists?


DELS - 'Burning Beaches' (feat. Rosie Lowe)


Son Lux - Change Is Everything


Lorn - Acid Rain


NAIVE NEW BEATERS - RUN AWAY


Aquilo - Losing You


Research (Independent Reading) : Steve Archer 'How To Study Music Videos'

Research Task

Produce a post with the same title as this one.

Copy and paste all of the text below into your post.

Read this information in your own time - it will be something that you can refer back to when you enter the planning stages for your music video.

Steve Archer wrote an article in Media Magazine in 2004 in which he suggests five essential criteria which should help you to evaluate music videos.

"Pessimists often complain that music video television has made pop superficially image-based. But my description of MTV and music video in MediaMag 6 failed to address what is still its most central and significant element, beyond the control of MTV, Viacom and Motorola: the appeal and power of pop sounds!


I’d like to suggest that the sounds are the basis of a process of visualisation that serve to enhance, not restrict, the original pop sound effect. Pop music theorist Andrew Goodwin claims that a good music video is:


"..a clip that responds to the pleasures of music, and in which that music is made visual, either in new ways or in ways that accentuate existing visual associations."

(Dancing in the Distraction Factory 1992)

If we accept the theory that pop songs on their own are not enough to create sufficient meaning and pleasure in the audience, the ‘added value’ of star image created by CD covers, live performance and music videos can be enough to inspire the consumer to buy into the whole intensely romantic myth of it all – and therefore actually buy the pop music. 


Certainly, the whole music business is sustained by the few star guarantees of profit in an unstable market. This maybe explains the somewhat fetishistic behaviour of fans who will buy the CD even if they can easily get the tracks for free on some P2P provider – we want all the packaging, the sacrosanct details in the booklet, the assurance it really belongs to us, not just the ‘stacking up’ of sounds that is the song itself. 


However, I am keen to keep these sounds as the primary pleasure and driving force of the music industry. This focus, therefore, is reflected in the order of my ‘Top Five Things to Look for’ when deciding if a music video is any good. 


Five things to look for …


I’ve turned the ideas in Goodwin’s book, Dancing in the Distraction Factory, into checklist form for you to test out on the current crop of music videos. 


At number 1 ... 


‘Thought Beats’ or seeing the sounds in your head


The basis for visualising images comes from a psychological process called synaesthesia, where you picture sounds in your mind’s eye. This idea is absolutely central to understanding music video as they build on the soundtrack’s visual associations in order to connect with the audience and provide that additional pleasure. 


To use this approach you need to start with the music, sorting out the way the song works, taking into account the way it has been stacked up with sound. To begin, lyrics don’t need to be analysed word for word like a poem but rather considered for the way they introduce a general feeling or mood. Very rarely do song lyrics have a coherent meaning that can be simply read off; but they are important in at least creating a sense of subject matter. So key phrases or lines (and especially those repeated in the chorus) will have a part to play in the kind of visuals associated with the song. 


Here, Roland Barthes’ theory of the ‘grain of voice’ is relevant – this sees the singing voice more as an expressive instrument, personal, unique even, to the singer, like a fingerprint, and therefore able to create associations in itself. The voice of a song may even possess trademarks that work hand-in-hand with the star image – so Michael Jackson’s yelp is a trademark sound that immediately sets him apart from other singers.


Finally, if songs are stories, then the singer is the storyteller and this obviously makes music videos stand out on TV, as they feature a first person mode of address rather than the invisible ‘fourth wall’ of television narration. 


Goodwin interestingly compares pop singers to stand-up comics in the way the personal trademark or signature dominates the performance. The music – or arrangement of the song, including instrumentation, the mix and effects, including samples – generally works with the lyrics and grain of voice. Generally we can look at key sounds, like the tempo (or speed of the song) and structure of the song in terms of verse and chorus. To give an example of how instruments can create visual associations, the slow twang of the steel guitar could create geographically-based visual associations from the Deep South of the US – a desert plain, a small town, one road out, men chewing tobacco … We all share a memory bank of popular culture imagery (intertextuality), a sense of shared cultural history without which these references would make no sense. Places, people, feelings, situations leading to mini-narratives – all these can be summoned from the sounds of popular music. 


These visualisations can arise from more personal, individual responses, sometimes even tied to a place or part of your own autobiography, the specific details of your life story and emotions. A combination of these shared and personal images tied to the words and instrumentation form the basis of music video creativity. 


At number 2 … 


Narrative and performance


Songs rarely tell complete narratives; we are used to studying them with other visual texts like film. The narrative fuzz in songs affects the way stories are used in music video representations of a song’s meaning. So, often we get the suggestion of a story, a hint at some kind of drama unfolding. 


There is another important reason why music videos should avoid a classic realist narrative, and that is their role in advertising. 


Music videos need to have repeatability built in to them. We need to be able to watch them repeatedly in a more casual way, with a looser approach to their storytelling. I’d suggest that more important than narrative is the way that performance is used in video clips, a point I’ll look at again in number 3. Often, music videos will cut between a narrative and a performance of the song by the band. Additionally, a carefully choreographed dance might be a part of the artist’s performance or an extra aspect of the video designed to aid visualisation and the ‘repeatability’ factor. Sometimes, the artist (especially the singer) will be a part of the story, acting as narrator and participant at the same time. But it is the lip-sync close-up and the mimed playing of instruments that remains at the heart of music videos, as if to assure us that the band really can kick it. 


Remember that pop music is a romantic art, all about truth, talent, and magic, so we need to believe in the authenticity of the performance first and foremost. The supposed individual and original qualities of these performers leads me to my next point, the source of all profit in the business … the star!


At number 3 … 



The star image

The music business relies on the relatively few big name stars to fund its activities; it usually fails to connect with popular audiences – only about one in ten acts put out by the industry actually makes any money. Therefore, what we can describe as the meta-narrative of the star image will have an important part to play in the music video production process. 


Meta-narrative is a term that describes the development of the star image over time, the stories that surround a particular artist. 


Michael Jackson – a mini case study


(Note : this article was written before Jackson's death)


Michael Jackson’s meta-narrative has been a long, sometimes difficult journey and one he has lost control of in recent years. 


There have been a few crucial moments in Jackson’s meta-narrative of pop stardom. The first was the successful move from being one of a group – even if acknowledged as its central talent – as child member of The Jackson 5, to becoming a solo artist. 


He was then able to negotiate one of the most successful solo careers ever through developing both his trademark sound and image. The ground-breaking music videos for Thriller and Beat It were an important part of this mega-stardom. 


At some point in the 90s, though, this meta-narrative took a wrong turn and his unique ‘star image’ became ‘freakish’ and self-indulgent; we are reminded that this child star has never grown up. Thus, the Jackson talent, his natural birthright it seems, becomes the reason for his adult weirdness. His younger self – black, funky, energetic – is constantly held up to condemn his current abnormality – withdrawn, of no ethnicity, over-produced to the point of ceasing to exist. And yet, all this means he is still talked about, the object of mass media fascination and so, in a very real sense, still a star. Whether the most recent allegations of child abuse will finally render that stardom invalid remains to be seen.


Meta-narratives of star image are not simply a matter of manipulation, but a dialogue or negotiation of what the music business asserts about their star, and what we accept! Still, in each new video, Michael Jackson tries to regain control over his meta-narrative but he can’t just switch off all the different associations he’s accumulated during his career, whether good or bad. So music videos can best be seen as one of the most important ways that the image of the artist is ‘managed’. 


At number 4 … 


Three ways in which music videos relate visuals to the song


We can identify three ways in which music videos work to support or promote the song. These are illustration, amplification and disjuncture and I find them extremely useful in attempting to generalise the effects of individual music videos. 


• Music videos can illustrate the meaning of lyrics and genre, providing a sometimes over literal set of images. Here, then, is the most straightforward technique and the classic example of visualisation, with everything in the music video based on the source of the pop song. 


• However, as with all advertising, the most persistent type of video adds to the value of the song. Amplification is seen as the mark of the true music video Auteur, the director as artist, and an increasingly common way to view music video creatives (VH-1’s Best 100 Videos clearly placed Spike Jonze in the Auteur category with his work always amplifying the original song’s meaning and effect, usually through surreal humour). Crucially, though, and what separates it from disjuncture, is the fact that amplification music videos retain a link with the song and work to enhance or develop ideas, rather than fundamentally changing them.


Disjuncture is a term used to describe those music videos that (normally intentionally) seem to work by ignoring the original song and creating a whole new set of meanings. This is quite a radical technique and used by arty bands in order to assert their difference and originality. Usually, disjuncture videos of this type don’t make a lot of sense and may be based on abstract imagery. For example in Spike Jonze’s video for Daft Punk’s ‘Da Funk’ we see a man with a dog’s head and his arm in a cast walking round New York, ignored by all, with dialogue completely unrelated to the song itself. Sometimes though, disjuncture videos are just bad, ill-conceived and self-indulgent mistakes. 


And finally at number 5 ... 


Technical aspects of music video


The last really essential aspect of music video to study is technical. This includes camerawork, movement and angle, mise-en-scène, editing, and sound. 


It is important to remember the more general features of music videos already mentioned when trying to work out the technical effects, especially those which are post-production, effects. Broadly, the technical conventions can be summed up as follows: 


1. Speed! 


Speed is visualised by camera movement, fast editing (montage) and digital effects.


Camera movement is often motivated by running, dancing and walking performers.


Fast-cutting and montage editing creates a visually decentred experience necessary for music video consumption, with the images occasionally moving so fast that they are impossible to understand on first viewing and thus need to be viewed several times (repeatability). 


Post-production digital effects – a staple of music video where images can be colorized, multiple split screens appear, and so on, all to complicate and intrigue, providing pleasure again and again. 


Not all camera movement is about speed though and some use slow pace through dissolves or static shots. This kind of editing – like Sinead O’Conner’s ‘Nothing Compares 2 U’ – is striking and effective in setting the song apart from the hustle and bustle of most pop activity. 


2. Meat! 


The meat of most music videos is the cut to the close-up of the singer’s face. This is because the voice is seen as the most important part of pop music. 


3. Beats! 


Often, the video will try and represent the music through the use of the cut to go with the beat or key rhythm. This is called 'cutting to the beat'.


4. Lighting and colour 


...may also be used to emphasise key moments in the song, using methods from lighting live performances for dramatic effect. Colour may be used to show a development in the song, going from colour to black and white or vice versa when the chorus comes in. Equally, any change in the mise-en-scène or camerawork can signal the same type of thing.


5. Mise-en-scène 


Obviously the setting for music videos is important, often to guarantee the authenticity of the clip rather than anything else. So mise-en-scène for many music videos is the concert hall or rehearsal room to emphasise the realness of the performance or the grit and practice that goes into attaining star quality. Increasingly, CGI is used, especially for dance songs, which don’t rely so much on being ‘real’ like rock, soul and rap acts."


Steve Archer : Media Magazine 2004